KINDS OF INTONATION

Using the right intonation can change the meaning of the words you try to say.  As you speak, your voice gets louder and softer, as it places emphasis on certain parts, and it even goes up and down. The notes of your voice are called its pitch, and the change in pitch is what we call intonation.

Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say.

Use the rising intonation when asking a Yes-No question. 

NOW LISTEN!

Do you like your new ➚teacher?

Have you finished ➚already?

May I borrow your ➚dictionary?

Do you have any ➚magazines?

Do you sell ➚stamps?

YOUR TURN!

“Are you going to school ➚tomorrow?”

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High-energy emotions like happiness, excitement, fright and annoyance usually use a rising intonation. 
                             YOUR TURN!

“I can’t believe he gave you a ➚ride home!”
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Use rising intonation on specific words in a sentence to emphasize their importance. 
                            YOUR TURN!

“I hope you got the➚red scarf.”

“I hope you got the red ➚scarf.”

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Use rising intonation on tag questions which show uncertainty and require an answer. Tag questions on the other hand, are questions found at the end of a statement.

NOW LISTEN!

We've met already, ➚haven't we?
You like fish, ➚don't you?
You're a new student ➚aren't you?

The view is beautiful, ➚isn't it?

YOUR TURN!
“It’s a beautiful day,➚ isn’t it?”

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Falling intonation is the most common intonation pattern in English. It is commonly found in statements, commands, wh-questions (information questions), confirmatory question tags and exclamations.

To ask most questions except for Yes-No questions, use the falling intonation at the end of the sentence.

“Why are you going to school tomorrow? It’s Saturday!”

Declarative statements that only states facts or information use a falling intonation at the end of the sentence.

NOW LISTEN!

Nice to meet ↘you.

I’ll be back in a ↘minute.

She doesn’t live here ↘anymore.

Dad wants to change his ↘car.

Here is the weather ↘forecast.

We should work together more ↘often

I'm going for a walk in the ↘park.

YOUR TURN!

Cloudy weather is expected at the end of the ↘week.

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In giving commands, the falling intonation is used.

                            NOW LISTEN!

Write your name ↘here.

Show me what you’ve ↘written.  

Leave it on the ↘desk.

Take that picture ↘ down.

Throw that ↘out.

Put your books on the ↘table.

YOUR TURN!

"Take your hands out of your ↘pockets."

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WH- questions which request for information use the falling intonation.

                            NOW LISTEN!

What country do you come ↘from?

Where do you ↘work?  

Which of them do you ↘prefer?

When does the shop ↘open?

How many books have you ↘bought?

Which coat is ↘yours?

YOUR TURN!

"Whose bag is ↘this?"

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Tag questions that are statements requesting confirmation rather than questions.
Not all tag questions are really questions.
Some of them merely ask for confirmation or invite agreement, in which case we use a falling tone at the end.
                            NOW LISTEN!

He thinks he’s so clever, doesn’t ↘he?

She's such a nuisance, isn't ↘she?  

I failed the test because I didn't revise, did ↘ I?

YOUR TURN!

"It doesn't seem to bother him much, does ↘ it?"

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Exclamations, boredom, sarcasm and disinterest often use a falling intonation. For example, the sentence below would sound very sarcastic if you said it in a low pitch. With the sarcastic tone, it would mean that the speaker actually isn’t excited at all.

NOW LISTEN!

How nice of ↘ you!

That's just what I ↘need!

You don't ↘ say!

That's a ↘surprise!

                              YOUR TURN!
                "What a beautiful ↘ voice!"

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Items on a list use a rising intonation until the final item, which uses a falling intonation.

NOW LISTEN!

We've got ➚apples, pears, bananas and ➘oranges
The sweater comes in ➚blue, white pink and ➘black
I like ➚football, tennis, basketball and ➘volleyball.
I bought ➚a tee-shirt, a skirt and a ➘handbag.

YOUR TURN!
“I love ➚ chocolate, strawberry and ➘ pistachio ice cream.”
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When asking alternative questions use the rise-fall intonation.

NOW LISTEN!

Is John leaving on ➚Thursday or ➘Friday?

Does he speak ➚German or ➘French?

Is your name ➚Ava or ➘Eva?

YOUR TURN!
"Are you having ➚soup or ➘salad?"

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For conditional sentences, the tone rises in the first clause and falls gradually in the second clause.

NOW LISTEN!
If he ➚calls, ask him to leave a ➘message.
Unless he ➚insists, I'm not going to ➘go.

YOUR TURN!

"If you have any ➚problems, just ➘contact us."
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The main function of fall-rise intonation is to show that the speaker is not certain of the answer they are giving to a question, or is reluctant to reply. It is also used in polite requests or suggestions.

Use the fall-rise intonation when reluctant or when you are hesitating.

NOW LISTEN!
So you'd be willing to confirm that? ...Well ... I ➘sup➚pose so ...

YOUR TURN!
"You didn't see him on Monday?   I don't quite ➘re➚member ..."
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Use the fall-rise intonation when you are doubtful or uncertain of the answer to your question but wants to remain polite.

NOW LISTEN!
Perhaps we could ➘vis➚it the place?
Should we ➘cop➚y the list?

YOUR TURN!

"Do you think it's ➘al➚lowed?"
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Here's the summary of the YOUR TURN section.

References:

Geikhman, Y. (2020). Intonation for English Learners: 

When to Change It and How to Learn It

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-intonation/

Intonation in English Pronunciation.
https://www.learn-english-today.com/pronunciation-stress/intonation.html

Parts of Speech

There are 8 parts of speech:
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• NOUN

A noun is a name of person, place, event, and the like. It could be common, proper, collective, abstract, mass or count noun.

Lorelei and Michael are proper nouns while cousin is a common noun. What's the difference? Proper nouns are specific names while common nouns are general labels.

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• PRONOUN

A pronoun substitutes a noun. This is so in order not to annoyingly repeat names or nouns referred to by a speaker. It could be personal, indefinite, distributive, relative or interrogative.

My, she and him are personal pronouns. "My" is possessive; "she" is nominative; and "him" is objective.

Possessive pronouns denote ownership. While nominative pronouns are used as subjects in sentences, thus also called subject pronouns. Lastly, objective pronouns are those that functions as either objects of the preposition or objects of the verb. "Him" in the sentence above is object to the preposition "of".

"What" on the other hand, is a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns refer to nouns mentioned previously. In the sentence above, "saw what happened", "what" refers to the things that happened making it a relative pronoun.

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• VERB

A verb can either be a word that represents action or simply a state of being. It could be transitive, intransitive, linking, or auxiliary.

"Saw" is a transitive verb which means it has a receiver. The receiver of the action is determined by asking the questions, who or what. 
Let us try!

Question: What did Lorelei see?
Answer: "what happened:

"Happened" and "ran" are intransitive verbs. These are verbs that do not have receivers. Mostly these types of verbs are followed by adverbs.

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• ADJECTIVE

An adjective is mostly used to describe nouns or pronouns; however not all adjectives are used to describe, generally the term to use is modify. Hence, an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. It could either be descriptive or limiting. 

The phrase, "my cousin" is introduced by the possessive pronoun "my" which is a pronominal. Pronominals are a type of limiting adjectives. Thus, the possessive pronoun "my" functions as a limiting adjective.

Pronominals are adjectives which maybe used as pronouns. There are four pronominals: possessive, demonstrative, relative, and distributive. Other types of limiting adjectives are: articles and numerals.
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• ADVERB

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective and another adverb. It could imply time, place, frequency, degree, negation and affirmation.

"Immediately" is an adverb of time while "to him" is an adverb of place. The adverb of time answers the question when while the adverb of place answers the question where.

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• PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of words in the sentence. It usually introduces adverbs of time and place. 

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• CONJUNCTION

A conjunction is a connector. It links words, phrases or clauses in sentences. It could be a coordinate, subordinate or correlative.

"So" is a subordinate conjunction which denotes a result of a certain action. 

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• INTERJECTION

An interjection usually is a single word which denotes emotions; thus it can stand alone to have a complete thought. Interjections are generally called expressions.

Examples of interjections are: Gosh!,Yippee!, Yahoo!, Gee!, What!, Alas!, Phew!

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Thus, the summary!

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The image below shows the parts of speech composing a quote.

Cryptoquote

A cryptoquote is a blended form of "cryptogram and quote". This is a word puzzle with requires the player to cipher the code in order to reveal the quote.

Take a look at the sample below. Observe that there is a clue which color matches the codes. All you have to do is write the corresponding letter the code represents.

This is how it looks like when you have substituted the clues to the given letters.

The given clue represents the word "Messiah"; therefore it simply means that all "S's" are represented by "j" and so on. Study the image below.

Observe that your clues have expanded which means you may already guess what the word is but be reminded that a symbol you might have cracked should represent the same letters in the entire cryptogram.

The image below reveals the hidden quote. The dark blue font color represents the letters that you have solved while the sky blue font are those from the clues.

Now it's your turn; cipher the code to reveal the hidden quote. Good luck!

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