Parts of Speech

There are 8 parts of speech:
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• NOUN

A noun is a name of person, place, event, and the like. It could be common, proper, collective, abstract, mass or count noun.

Lorelei and Michael are proper nouns while cousin is a common noun. What's the difference? Proper nouns are specific names while common nouns are general labels.

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• PRONOUN

A pronoun substitutes a noun. This is so in order not to annoyingly repeat names or nouns referred to by a speaker. It could be personal, indefinite, distributive, relative or interrogative.

My, she and him are personal pronouns. "My" is possessive; "she" is nominative; and "him" is objective.

Possessive pronouns denote ownership. While nominative pronouns are used as subjects in sentences, thus also called subject pronouns. Lastly, objective pronouns are those that functions as either objects of the preposition or objects of the verb. "Him" in the sentence above is object to the preposition "of".

"What" on the other hand, is a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns refer to nouns mentioned previously. In the sentence above, "saw what happened", "what" refers to the things that happened making it a relative pronoun.

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• VERB

A verb can either be a word that represents action or simply a state of being. It could be transitive, intransitive, linking, or auxiliary.

"Saw" is a transitive verb which means it has a receiver. The receiver of the action is determined by asking the questions, who or what. 
Let us try!

Question: What did Lorelei see?
Answer: "what happened:

"Happened" and "ran" are intransitive verbs. These are verbs that do not have receivers. Mostly these types of verbs are followed by adverbs.

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• ADJECTIVE

An adjective is mostly used to describe nouns or pronouns; however not all adjectives are used to describe, generally the term to use is modify. Hence, an adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. It could either be descriptive or limiting. 

The phrase, "my cousin" is introduced by the possessive pronoun "my" which is a pronominal. Pronominals are a type of limiting adjectives. Thus, the possessive pronoun "my" functions as a limiting adjective.

Pronominals are adjectives which maybe used as pronouns. There are four pronominals: possessive, demonstrative, relative, and distributive. Other types of limiting adjectives are: articles and numerals.
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• ADVERB

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective and another adverb. It could imply time, place, frequency, degree, negation and affirmation.

"Immediately" is an adverb of time while "to him" is an adverb of place. The adverb of time answers the question when while the adverb of place answers the question where.

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• PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of words in the sentence. It usually introduces adverbs of time and place. 

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• CONJUNCTION

A conjunction is a connector. It links words, phrases or clauses in sentences. It could be a coordinate, subordinate or correlative.

"So" is a subordinate conjunction which denotes a result of a certain action. 

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• INTERJECTION

An interjection usually is a single word which denotes emotions; thus it can stand alone to have a complete thought. Interjections are generally called expressions.

Examples of interjections are: Gosh!,Yippee!, Yahoo!, Gee!, What!, Alas!, Phew!

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Thus, the summary!

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The image below shows the parts of speech composing a quote.